Aqa gcse biology paper 2 2018 mark scheme Students react after A-level Biology Paper 2 on 16 June 2023 The 2018 AQA GCSE Combined Science Trilogy: Biology Paper 2 Foundation Tier 8464/B/2F mark scheme. To allow implantation of the embryo To break down waste To prevent sperm reaching the egg 0 2 . 6 Give two possible effects of an increase in global air temperature on living organisms. Paper 1 Biology – Higher (8461/1H) Download Paper – Download Mark Scheme Jun 2, 2018 · MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 Step 1: Determine a level Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets the descriptor for that level. AQA GCSE Combined Science, June 2018 . Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. Testing yourself with GCSE Science past papers is a great way to identify which topics need more revision, so you can ensure that you are revising as effectively as possible to help you get ready for your GCSE Science exam. GCSE Biology; exam. 7% of GCSE; Questions: Multiple choice, structured, long and short questions with recall and applied questions. uk GCSE_ScienceAPE_Combined ScienceB Trilogy (8464)_Question Papers and Mark Schemes_June 2018_Mark Schemes_AQA-8464-B-1H-W-MS-Jun18. GCSE Combined Science Higher Tier Question Paper 1. Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and annotate it We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Written exam: 1 hour 45 minutes; Foundation and Higher Tiers offered; 100 marks; 50% of GCSE Biology; Paper 2 – Homeostasis and response; Inheritance, variation and evolution; and Ecology. MARK SCHEME – GCSE COMBINED SCIENCE: TRILOGY – PAPER 1: BIOLOGY 1H – SPECIMEN MATERIAL . 2 | Animal Tissues, Organs & Systems (2018 - 2021) Question Paper Mark Scheme; 2. Testing yourself with GCSE Biology past papers is a great way to identify which topics need more revision, so you can ensure that you are revising as effectively as possible to help you get ready for your GCSE Biology exam. uk GCSE BIOLOGY Higher Tier Paper 1H 8461/1H Tuesday 15 May 2018 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes At the top of the page, write your surname and other names, your centre number, your candidate number and add your signature. Calculate the percentage (%) change in mass of each piece. Get 1 step ahead with these papers! AQA GCSE Biology Exam Questions: Use AQA GCSE Biology exam questions to improve your knowledge on weaker topics. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the Each of the following bullet points is a potential mark. 5 Give one biological process that could cause the lower concentration of carbon dioxide in the summer. pdf Biology Paper 1 Mark Scheme GCSE_ScienceAPE_Combined ScienceB Trilogy (8464)_Question Papers and Mark Schemes_June 2018_8464_B_2F-QP-CombinedScienceTrilogy-G-11Jun18-AM. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme MARK SCHEME – GCSE COMBINED SCIENCE: TRILOGY – PAPER 1: BIOLOGY 1F – SPECIMEN MATERIAL . Figure 2 0 2 . MARK SCHEME – GCSE MATHEMATICS – 8300/2H – JUNE 2018 2 Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa. 2 Name one carnivore shown in Figure 3. Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and annotate it • Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor. Past exam papers, mark schemes, model anwers and video solutions for AQA Biology GCSE (8461) Paper 2. uk • Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor. Paper 1 Biology – Higher (8461/1H) Download Paper – Download Mark Scheme. • Chemistry – Paper 1 Topics 1-5, Paper 2 Topics 6-10 • Topics 1-3 are common content on both papers. Reference 8464/1H. Reweigh each piece. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of The AQA GCSE Biology Paper 2 Foundation Tier Mark Scheme 8461/2F. uk Each of the following bullet points is a potential mark. Foundation. June 2018 AQA GCSE (9-1) Combined Science Synergy Past Papers (8465) Download Periodic Table - Download Physics Equations sheet. Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets the descriptor for that level. Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and, if Paper code: 8461/2H. 3 A disease kills most of the shrews in the garden. A double helix A monomer A polymer A protein A single strand 0 2 . June 2018 AQA Biology (9-1) Past Papers (8461) Paper 1 Biology – Foundation (8461/1F) Download Paper – Download Mark Scheme. Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and annotate it GCSE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 8700/2 Paper 2 Writers’ viewpoints and perspectives Mark scheme June 2021 Version: 1. The layout has been kept consistent so that future operational mark schemes . June 2018 Biology Paper 1 (1BI0/1H) – Higher Tier Download Paper – Download Marking Scheme . MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2020 2 Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. Find past papers and mark schemes, and specimen papers for new courses, on our website at aqa. Assessment resources ©AQA 2025 | Company number: 03644723 Mark scheme (Higher): Paper 1 - June 2018 Published 1 May 2019 It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Figure 6 Table 2 shows the results. 2 Which enzyme comes from the microorganism from the caves? [1 mark] Tick one box. In order to achieve the award, students must complete all assessments at the end of the course and in the same series. Past Papers: Practice with AQA GCSE Biology past exam papers to familiarise yourself with the format and types of questions. potential mark. This is the mark scheme for the AQA GCSE Biology Paper 2 Higher Tier exam sat on 11th June 2018. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. uk 2 released in the atmosphere (1) (b) Adv: long term benefit for enjoinment/ nature/ future generations (1) Dis: high cost for the government / reducing investment opportunities (1) (c) Some individuals of endangered species can survive (1) boost a population/ prevent it from complete existent (1) (Total for question 2 is 6 marks) 3 (a) (2) • Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor. MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 . There was little evidence of students being short of time to complete the longer paper, with detailed answers being given through to the final question part by the vast majority of students. This is the mark scheme for the AQA GCSE Biology Paper 2 Foundation Tier exam sat on 11th June 2018. MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – PAPER 2H – SPECIMEN MATERIAL . View and download AQA GCSE Biology answe Jun 2, 2018 · 0 2 . This notice is to alert you to the injunction, so that you are aware of it and can make submissions • Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor. uk 2. Learn how to mark the questions, interpret the answers, and apply the assessment objectives and specification content. General : The mark scheme for each question shows: • the marks available for each part of the question • the total marks available for the question • the typical answer or answers which are expected 0 2 Figure 3 shows a food chain in a garden. Table 2 Concentration of sugar solution in mol/dm3 Percentage (%) change in mass MARK SCHEME – A LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/2 – JUNE 2018 Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. Alternative words in the mark scheme are shown by a solidus eg allow smooth / free movement. What is the purpose of thickening the lining of the uterus? [1 mark] Tick one box. Further copies of this mark scheme are GCSE Biology 8461. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be seen in the student’s answer for that level. • Biology – Paper 1 Topics 1-4 , Paper 2 Topics 5-7 • Fundamental concepts and principles are on both papers. pdf Try the papers in timed conditions, then mark them using the mark scheme. org. Students react after A-level Biology Paper 2 on 14 June 2024. uk Download mark scheme. 6. Three of the enzymes were from microorganisms found in the soil near the caves. 2 | Animal tissues, organs and organ systems (Hard) Question Paper Mark Scheme; 2. This is the mark scheme for the AQA GCSE Biology Paper 1 Foundation Tier exam sat on 15th May 2018. 3 . Assessment resources ©AQA 2025 | Company number: 03644723 Mark scheme (Higher): Paper 1 - November 2021 Published 29 Jul 2022 Apr 2, 2018 · Students react after GCSE Biology Paper 2 on 9 June 2023. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme Jun 2, 2018 · MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2H – JUNE 2018 Step 1: Determine a level Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets the descriptor for that level. Further copies of this mark scheme are Figure 2 shows the results of enzyme analysis on four enzymes, A, B, C and D. 2021 Papers now available. uk/pastpapers. box 0 5 Cell division is needed for growth and for reproduction. General . 0 5 . June 2018 MS; June 2019 MS; June 2020 MS; June expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Written exam: 1 hour 45 minutes mark scheme – gcse biology – 8461/1f – june 2018 Step 1: Determine a level Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets the 18 *18* IB/G/Jun18/8461/2H Do not write outside the . 4 Give one human activity that could cause the higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the winter. Further copies of this mark scheme are Past papers and mark schemes for AQA, CIE, Edexcel, OCR, Eduqas and WJEC A-levels, International A-levels, GCSEs and IGCSEs PMT Courses is looking for tutors to teach their Easter Crash Courses. Leave the apparatus for 2 hours. [Turn over] A H GCSE Combined Science Trilogy Predicted Papers and Mark Schemes for 2025. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Paper 1 – Cell biology; Organisation; Infection and response; and Bioenergetics. 5 B1 xx 242 Total 1 Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Assessment Structure. uk expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. This notice is to alert you to the injunction, so that you are aware of it and can make submissions Past exam papers, mark schemes, model anwers and video solutions for AQA Biology GCSE (8461) Paper 2. Paper 2 Biology – Higher (8461/2H) Download Paper – Download Mark Scheme . 2 | Animal tissues, organs and organ systems (Moderate) Question Paper Mark Scheme; 2. GCSE_ScienceAPE_Combined ScienceB Trilogy (8464)_Question Papers and Mark Schemes_June 2018_Mark Schemes_AQA-8464-B-1F-W-MS-Jun18. One of the enzymes was from a reactivated microorganism from the caves. [1 mark] 0 2 . • Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor. This helps in understanding MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS – 7357/2 – JUNE 2018 6 Q Marking Instructions AO Marks Typical Solution 1 Ticks correct option AO2. Biology Paper 2, Higher. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. Figure 2 0 3 . 1 Table 3 contains threestatements about cell division. General : The mark scheme for each question shows: • the marks available for each part of the question • the total marks available for the question • the typical answer or answers which are expected It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. 0 Final *Jun2187002/MS* Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. The 2018 AQA GCSE Biology Paper 2 Higher Tier Mark Scheme 8461/2H. View the Mark Scheme of Paper 2H (June 2020) of the GCSE Biology AQA (8461) syllabus. MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2H – JUNE 2023 : 3 : Information to Examiners : 1. 2 . Step 1: Determine a level . June 2018 AQA Biology (9-1) Past Papers (8461) Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together withthe relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of • Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor. pdf Biology Paper 1 Mark Scheme GCSE_ScienceAPE_Combined ScienceB Trilogy (8464)_Question Papers and Mark Schemes_June 2018_8464_B_2H-QP-CombinedScienceTrilogy-G-11Jun18-AM. This is the mark scheme is for the AQA GCSE Combined Science Paper 1 Higher Tier exam sat on 15th May 2018. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – PAPER 2H – SPECIMEN MATERIAL . uk ©AQA 2025 | Company number: 03644723 | Registered office: Devas Street, Manchester, M15 6EX | AQA is not responsible for the content of external sites. Version/Stage: 1 Final. Find out more! Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. . Paper 1 – Combined Science Synergy: (1F) - Foundation – Download Paper – Download Mark Scheme Paper code: 8461/2H. This specification is designed to be taken over two years. The Information to Examiners is included as a guide to how the mark scheme will function as an operational document. Each of the following bullet points is a potential mark. This will make it more likely that you will achieve higher raw marks in your . Information to Examiners . MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – SPECIMEN (SET 2) 6 Step 1: Determine a level Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets the descriptor for that level. 2 Calculate the percentageby mass ofmethanol in methylated spirit. 3 | Plant tissues GCSE BIOLOGY 8461/2H - PAPER 2 HIGHER TIER Mark scheme 8461 June 2018. Further copies of this mark scheme are expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. A Download Paper – Download Mark Scheme. The mark scheme for each question shows: • the marks available for each part of the question • the total marks available for the question • the typical answer or answers which are expected 4. 1. 3 | Plant tissues, organs and systems (Easy) Question Paper Mark Scheme; 2. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all associates GCSE Biology 8461. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of potential mark. Written exam: 1 hour 15 minutes; Foundation and Higher Tier; 70 marks; 16. June 2018 MS; June 2019 MS; June 2020 MS potential mark. 2 A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to award the mark. Figure 6 shows how the investigation was set up. AQA Education has obtained an injunction preventing interference with public examinations. This is a linear qualification. • The descriptor for the level shows the average performance for the level. uk 0 2 [1 mark]. 1 Figure 2 shows that the lining of the uterus thickens between days 7 and 27. Use Table 1. uk MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 : 3 : Information to Examiners : 1. 3 Alternative answers acceptable for a mark are indicated by the use of or. Make sure you make a note of errors or things you got wrong so you don't make those mistakes again. [1 mark] MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – PAPER 2F – SPECIMEN MATERIAL . pdf Biology Paper 1 Mark Scheme GCSE_ScienceAPE_Biology (8461)_Question Papers and Mark Schemes_June 2018_8461_2H-QP-Biology-G-11Jun18-AM. Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and annotate it expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. If the printing process in your school alters the scale of a diagram, measure alues on your printed papers and mark the scripts accordingly. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme Foundation tier paper, which gives access to grade 5. Find the official mark scheme for the June 2018 GCSE Biology Paper 2 Higher Tier exam, prepared by AQA. Mark scheme (Higher) : Paper 2 - June 2018 - AQA June 2018 Edexcel Biology Past Exam Papers (1BI0) June 2018 Biology Paper 1 (1BI0/1F) – Foundation Tier Download Paper – Download Marking Scheme. [2 marks] 1 2 11 Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. B5 - Homeostasis & Response (free) B6 - Inheritance, Variation & Evolution The 2018 AQA GCSE Biology Paper 1 Foundation Tier Mark Scheme 8461/1F. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the ©AQA 2025 | Company number: 03644723 | Registered office: Devas Street, Manchester, M15 6EX | AQA is not responsible for the content of external sites. June 2018 Biology Paper 2 (1BI0/2F) – Foundation Tier Download Paper – Download Marking Scheme Find past papers and mark schemes for AQA exams, and specimen papers for new courses. mark scheme – gcse biology – 8461/1f – specimen (set 2) 02. • Physics – Paper 1 Topics 1-4, Paper 2 Topics 5-7 plus Topic 8 physics only • Questions in Paper 2 may draw on an Browse our range of AQA GCSE Science Past Papers and Mark Schemes below. Further copies of this mark scheme are Biology Paper 1- Biology topics 1–4: Cell Biology; Organisation; Infection and response; and Bioenergetics. Suggest why the number of snails in the garden may then increase. pdf GCSE_ScienceAPE_Biology (8461)_Question Papers and Mark Schemes_June 2018_Mark Schemes_AQA-8461_1H-W-MS-Jun18. View and download AQA GCSE Biology answers. MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – PAPER 2H – SPECIMEN MATERIAL 2 Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. uk MARK SCHEME – GCSE COMBINED SCIENCE: TRILOGY – PAPER 2: BIOLOGY 2H – SPECIMEN MATERIAL . The mark scheme for each question shows: • the marks available for each part of the question • the total marks available for the question • the typical answer or answers which are expected The 2018 AQA GCSE Combined Science Trilogy: Biology Paper 1 Higher Tier 8464/B/1H mark scheme. 5. uk 0 2 box The genetic material in cells is made of DNA. Choose answers from the box. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 . MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2022 . Figure 3 0 2 . 1 What name is given to a useful product such asmethylated spirit? 0 2 . pdf View Question Paper; View Mark Scheme; AQA GCSE Biology Paper 2 8461/2F – June 2018. Reference 8461/2F. Great preparation for your exams. Paper 2 Biology – Foundation (8461/2F) Download Paper – Download Mark Scheme. 1 Which two of the following describe the structure of DNA? Tick two boxes. The mark scheme for each question shows: • the marks available for each part of the question • the total marks available for the question • the typical answer or answers which are expected Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. [2 marks] clone disorder gene genome mutation ©AQA 2025 | Company number: 03644723 | Registered office: Devas Street, Manchester, M15 6EX | AQA is not responsible for the content of external sites. View Past Paper; 2018 AQA GCSE Combined Science Higher Past Papers AQA GCSE Combined Science Trilogy: Biology Paper 1 Higher Tier – May 2018. AQA GCSE Biology Assessment Detail. June 2018 MS; June 2019 MS; June 2020 MS; June Download Paper – Download Mark Scheme. 7. 0 2 [2 marks]. The mark scheme for each question shows: • the marks available for each part of the question • the total marks available for the question • the typical answer or answers which are expected AQA GCSE (9-1) Biology (8461) past exam papers and marking schemes, the past papers are free for you to use as practice for your exams. 2. Browse our range of AQA GCSE Biology Past Papers and Mark Schemes below. Students react after GCSE Biology Paper 1 on 16 May 2023. 2 Past exam papers, mark schemes, model answers and video solutions for AQA Biology GCSE (8461) Paper 1. [2 marks] Percentage = % Question 2 continues on the next page • Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor. Different terms in the mark scheme are shown by a / ; eg allow smooth / free movement. ©AQA 2025 | Company number: 03644723 | Registered office: Devas Street, Manchester, M15 6EX | AQA is not responsible for the content of external sites. Remove the carrot and dry each piece on paper towel. Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and annotate it MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2H – JUNE 2019 . This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all associates Paper 6 – Combined Science Trilogy: Physics - Higher - Download Insert – Download Paper – Download Mark Scheme . If you want practice questions per lesson or per topic, these are available via a subscription, which includes video lessons for the whole course, notes sheets and exam Each of the following bullet points is a potential mark. 1 Name one consumer shown in Figure 3. This is the mark scheme is for the AQA GCSE Combined Science Paper 2 Foundation Tier exam sat on 11th June 2018. View the Mark Scheme of Paper 2H (June 2018) of the GCSE Biology AQA (8461) syllabus. Mark Schemes. This notice is to alert you to the injunction, so that you are aware of it and can make submissions MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – PAPER 2F – SPECIMEN MATERIAL . This notice is to alert you to the injunction, so that you are aware of it and can make submissions We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 5 Level 2: Relevant points (reasons/causes) are identified, and there are attempts at logical linking. mark scheme – gcse biology – 8461/2f – june 2018 Step 1: Determine a level Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets Mark schemes are prepared by the LeadAssessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This notice is to alert you to the injunction, so that you are aware of it and can make submissions Download past papers and mark schemes for GCSE Science. MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2H – JUNE 2022 . uk Jun 2, 2018 · 0 2 2 shows some changes that occur during the menstrual cycle. Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and annotate Within each of these 3 sections, there is written content, short quizzes to test your knowledge and AQA past paper questions. • There are two marks in each level. This notice is to alert you to the injunction, so that you are aware of it and can make submissions ©AQA 2025 | Company number: 03644723 | Registered office: Devas Street, Manchester, M15 6EX | AQA is not responsible for the content of external sites. AQA GCSE Biology Paper 2. 2 Complete the sentences.
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